Thank You...

   Starting on Monday we will begin a brand new Unit on Life in the North and South.  You can recycle all your notes from Unit I in your notebook but make sure to keep your ToolBox section intact.  Please say,  "thank you very much" to all of  the parents who came in last night for Back to School Night.  I appreciate you taking the time to meet with us here at the Middle School.

Enjoy your weekend,

Mr. Mullady

Quiz Practice Questions

1. Why was George Washington against political parties?



2. Why were most members of the Federalist Party located in Northern cities?



3. George Washington had originally intended on serving one term as President.  Why did George Washington serve a second term?



4. There are four themes that we need to keep in mind while we study history; Identity, Power and Resistance, Change, and Justice.  Connect Unit I to one of those four themes and explain how the theme is connected.

Jay's Treaty and Jefferson's Resignation.

       Washington issued the Proclamation of Neutrality in 1793, but he quickly found out that in order for the United States to remain neutral he would need the support and cooperation of the European powers.  Despite being neutral the United States was treated by the British as if they were at war.  Americans ships were attacked and their goods were seized by the British while in the Caribbean the British denied American merchants access to certain ports.  In the Great Lakes region the British had kept several forts on American soil and were trading weapons with Native Americans.

      George Washington sent John Jay to Great Britain to try and negotiate a treaty that would resolve these issues.  The British promised to remove the troops from the U.S., pay the U.S. for the damages done to merchant ships, and to reopen some of the Caribbean to American trade.  The British refused to compensate the Americans for money that was lost from slaves that were liberated during the American Revolution.   In return, the United States granted Britain a "favored nation" status that would guarantee the British exclusive trading rights as well as to pay the British back debt from the American Revolution.   John Jay knew that most Americans would not like these terms but understood that there was little the United States could do.  

        Alexander Hamilton and his supporters began to stage rallies in support of Jay's Treaty to help it get passed by the Senate and the House of Representatives.  Northern merchants and business leaders supported Jay's Treaty which guaranteed that trade with Britain would continue.  Thomas Jefferson and James Madison began to rally support against the treaty in the South and in rural communities.  Both groups used newspapers and demonstrations to try and convince the public.

       Thomas Jefferson did not want to be Secretary of State. He enjoyed his time working as a diplomat in France and believed that he would serve his country best as an ambassador. He only took the position after George Washington insisted on it. Jefferson quickly grew to dislike his position, he did not like living in New York City and Philadelphia. Government ceremonies and regal forums reminded him of the monarchies in Europe.

He also began to quickly distrust the Secretary of Treasury, Alexander Hamilton. He thought that Hamilton's Financial Plan was unwise and that the National Bank was unconstitutional. When Hamilton announced that the Federal Government would be assuming the debts of all the states, Jefferson saw this as a means of weakening the authority of the states. Jefferson believed that Hamilton and his supporters were betraying the values and principles of the American Revolution.

Tiring of arguing with Hamilton and realizing that he was a minority in the Cabinet, Thomas Jefferson asked George Washington to allow him to retire. Washington begged Jefferson to stay on for another year, to which Jefferson complied. On December 31, 1793, Thomas Jefferson submitted his resignation to Washington and returned to his home in Virginia.

H.W. Questions:

1.  Why do you think that most Southerners were against Jay's Treaty?

2. Thomas Jefferson believed that George Washington was favoring Alexander Hamilton.  What are two examples that support his theory?

3. Thomas Jefferson and James Madison organized a political party called The Democratic-Republicans.  In what part of the United States would you most likely find members of the party?

4.  What were two basic beliefs of the Democratic-Republican Party?

The Neutrality Proclamation

                                    The Neutrality Proclamation

         Background:

         The beginning of the French Revolution occurred during Washington’s first term as President. By, 1793, the continent of Europe was engulfed in war, pitting England, Prussia, Austria, and Spain against the new French Republic.  Washington’s Cabinet was split on what to do.

         Decision:

          President Washington sought to win respectability from foreign powers, but wanted the United States to stay free of foreign entanglements so that the country could prosper.  In his Proclamation of Neutrality, Washington outlined America’s foreign policy and vowed that the United States would “pursue a conduct friendly and impartial toward the belligerent powers.” Washington also included a warning to all American citizens that if they were caught violating the Proclamation the United States government would prosecute them to the fullest extent of the law.  The President also promised that if an American citizen was caught violating the law by a European power, the U.S. would not protect that citizen from European punishments. 

         Consequences:

         In the United States, many Americans felt that the President had turned his back on an old ally.  Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson felt that the President was favoring Hamilton, and began to plan for his resignation from the Cabinet. 

         France and Britain took little notice of Washington’s Proclamation and began attacking American ships a few years later. 

Some Practice Questions

   Use the following questions as a barometer in preparing for the quiz.  Using your notes and any handouts from class answer the following questions:

  1. In 1790, what mountain range was an obstacle for American settlers moving west?

 
   2. Which of the following was not once the capital of the United States?

       A. Philadelphia                         B. Boston                      C. New York City


3. Which of the following is an example of foreign policy?

    A. Alexander Hamilton's plan to establish a National Bank of the United States.

    B. Thomas Jefferson supporting the idea of state's rights.

    C. George Washington declaring that the United States is going to remain neutral regarding the           conflict between Britain and France.

    D.   Alexander Hamilton's plan to place a tariff on imported goods.


4. Name two members of Washington's Cabinet that wanted the United States to support the British in their struggle against the French.




5. Which of the following Cabinet members was not from the South?

    A. Thomas Jefferson                                              B. James Madison                                                                
  
    C. Henry Knox                                                       D. Edmund Randolph
 


    

Problems Abroad

    When Britain and France went to war in 1793, President Washington intended for the United States to remain neutral in the conflict.  The President quickly found out that America's neutrality would be difficult to achieve.

     The French Republic sent Edmund Genet to the United States to try and obtain support for their struggle with the British and the Spanish.  Genet arrived in South Carolina and began to recruit American privateers to fight for the French.  While touring the American South, Genet began to raise a volunteer army to invade Spanish controlled Florida.  By the time Genet arrived in Philadelphia, President Washington had become concerned of Genet's actions.
  
      While Genet was touring the American South, Washington's Cabinet began to debate which course of action the United States should take with the crisis in Europe.  Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson encouraged the President to support the French in their military struggles.  The U.S. had signed a treaty with France promising military support if either nation was ever attacked.  Many Americans were sympathetic with the French struggle for democracy, and felt that the United States was obligated to come to the aid of the French.

   For Alexander Hamilton siding with the French would be an economic disaster.  Britain was America's number one trading partner, to help the French would guarantee a British boycott of American goods.  Many Northern merchants had close business ties with Great Britain, and could not afford to upset their trading partners.  As the French Revolution became increasingly bloody, Hamilton believed that America could soon be faced with same type of violence and upheaval that was occurring overseas.

   In April of 1793, President Washington issued the Neutrality Proclamation that formally declared America's stance on the European conflict. He would spend the remaining years of his Presidency trying to keep America out of European affairs and protect America's neutrality.


Below is a link to a scene from HBO's John Adams miniseries that depicts a confrontation  between Genet and President Washington.

Viva la France

 On July 14, 1789, an angry mob of Parisians attacked the Bastille, a medieval fortress in the center of Paris.  The crowd was hoping to free the hundred of political prisoners rumored to be held captive inside and gain access to weapons and gun powder.  For decades the fortress served as a symbol of the power of the French King, and caused resentment amongst the population of Paris.

  

     The crowd beheaded the captain of the guard, and freed all the prisoners inside (there were 7). The people of Paris now had weapons and confidence  and the king's guards were forced to flee the city. The French Revolution had begun.

    There are several major political revolutions in history that you will study later in high school and college, most of them were far more violent than the American Revolution.  No matter if the Revolution took place in Russia during the early 1900s or France during the 1780s, there are always common demands of the groups that are revolting.  These are: Power, Money, and Land.  The holy trinity of revolutions.

    The Power issue in France had to do with the political system that was set up.  The King had absolute power, and did not need the help of the Estates General (French legislative branch).  He could raise taxes or declare war on a whim.  The people who had power were a small percentage of the population, members of the nobility and the clergy. They had special privileges and held the best jobs in government.  In addition to that, these people controlled the majority of the land in France, forcing farmers to pay heavy fees to work the land.  

      Soldiers returning from fighting in the American Revolution spread the ideas of democracy and freedom.  Many of these men did not understand why they had to fight for freedom against a king, to return home to a king.  Americans now had a government of elected rulers, not officials  appointed by a king.  In America people who were qualified got a job, not people who were born into the nobility. 

    Those special privileges had to deal with money.  The clergy and the nobles did not have to pay taxes.  The middle class, the farmers, and the poor city workers paid the brunt of France's taxes.  In addition to the tax burden, a series of droughts and famine caused the price of bread and grain to become unaffordable for many middle class and city workers.  These people became upset that the government did not step in and help them.  Farmers could not sell their crops and had troubles paying their taxes and rent to the rich land lords. 

  

    Hungry People+Poor People= Angry People.  

   The majority of the population of France was ready for a change, and change happened quickly.

Within the matter of a few months, Louis XVI, the king of France was removed from office, replaced with an elected Republic.  The French government issued "The Declaration of the Rights of Man", which promised that the people of France were entitled to "liberty, property, security, and the resistance to oppression".   Ideas that were borrowed from the Declaration of Independence.   

   Many politicians and Americans were pleased with the French Revolution.  Happy to see that the ideas of democracy and freedom were spreading to Europe.  This happiness, would soon disappear.

   France became immersed in bloodshed.  Governments changed, and mass executions of political enemies took place.  The King and Queen of France were among the 40,000 people who would become a victim to the "Reign of Terror".  The guillotine, invented as a more humane way of executing someone, became the symbol of death and anarchy.  Monarchs across Europe, declared war against the French, hoping to prevent the violence and disorder from spreading to their nations. 

   Back in the United States, President Washington faced the daunting task of deciding what course the United States should take. 

H.W.

Read pages 311-315 in your text, then read p. 154 from your Hamilton and Jefferson reading.   Afterwards, please answer the following questions.

1. Which members of Washington's Cabinet supported the French?  Which members supported the British?

     

 2. Why did some Americans want to support the French in their struggles against Britain, Spain, and the Netherlands?

 3. Who was Citizen Genet?  What did Citizen Genet do that would have him be recalled back to France?

 4. What did George Washington decide to do regarding the conflict in Europe?

 5. Why was John Jay sent to Great Britain to negotiate a treaty?

Alexander Hamilton's Financial Plan

  When Alexander Hamilton was appointed Secretary of Treasury he was given the daunting task of improving the American economy.  Hamilton organized a study of the new nation's finances and delivered a report on manufacturing to the Congress in December of 1791.  In his report Hamilton outlined his goals for the Treasury Department.

   Hamilton called for Congress to approve of three measures:

    1.  The creation of a National Bank of the United States.

    2. To have the National Government take on all the debts from the 13 states from the American   Revolution and pay them off.








    3. Place a tariff on imported goods from Europe to protect and encourage manufacturing in the United States.


      Hamilton's Plan was well received by many Congressmen and Senators from the North.  Many Southerners felt that his plan favored the Northern states, and would hurt the interests of Southern planters and farmers.

   Thomas Jefferson believed that Hamilton's Plan was unconstitutional and encouraged President Washington to not approve of the plan.  Jefferson believed that the creation of the National Bank would  increase the power of the National Government at the expense of the states.   Since the Constitution does not mention anything about a National Bank, Jefferson believed that the Bank should not be created. Jefferson's strict interpretation of the Constitution was at odds with Hamilton's loose interpretation of the Constitution.

Social Studies Survey

   Please complete this survey from the Social Studies Department about last year's history experience.  The survey should not take any longer then 10 minutes.

  Thank you for your corporation,

    ~ Mr. Mullady

Alexander Hamilton vs. Thomas Jefferson

  When creating his Cabinet, George Washington turned to two of the most talented men in the country to help run the country.  Washington had known Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson for over 20 years, both men were well respected and dedicated to serving the country.  Washington's decision to have the two men on his Cabinet would seriously impact the development of the country and have consequences that he could not have foreseen.

      Alexander Hamilton was born on the Caribbean island of Nevis in 1757.  Hamilton grew up being raised by his mother and worked as a clerk to support her and his younger brother.  Following his mother's death, he was sent to America to obtain an education.  He graduated Kings College in New York City, and at the outbreak of the American Revolution he enlisted with the local militia.

      During the war he was appointed to be the aide-de-camp, or chief of staff for General George Washington.  While serving under Washington he developed a close friendship with the Marquise de Lafayette and become one of Washington's most trusted soldiers.

      Following the war, Hamilton became involved in politics and practiced law in New York City.  With a group of investors, he established the Bank of New York and became one of the city's most important citizens.  During the Constitutional Convention he wrote essays defending the need to have a strong national government to keep the country safe. Hamilton did not believe that the average citizen would be able to make good decisions and felt that the government needed to protect the people from themselves.

    As Secretary of Treasury, Alexander Hamilton encouraged President Washington to create policies that would grow industry in the United States.  Hamilton believed that the economy of the United States should be based on manufacturing and trade, like the economy of Great Britain.  If the economy of the United States was strong, Hamilton felt that the government of the United States would be strong.


    Thomas Jefferson was born on his family's plantation in Virginia on April 13, 1743.  The Jefferson family was one of the wealthiest families in Virginia.  Thomas grew up with private tutors and attended William and Mary College at the age of 16. He studied philosophy, law, and classical languages.  When the American Revolution broke out, Jefferson left his law practice to serve on the Continental Congress, as governor of Virginia, and later the Ambassador to France.

  As Secretary of State, Jefferson believed that he would be the main advisor to President Washington at Cabinet meetings.  Very quickly, Jefferson found himself often debating with Alexander Hamilton on certain issue.  Washington would try and remain neutral during these debates, but it became very clear that there was a political divide growing in the President's Cabinet with Jefferson and Hamilton emerging as the leaders.


 

9/11 Oral History Assignment

      In the days following 9/11, the Center of Oral History at Colombia University began to organize a project to document the terrorist attacks.  The project grew to include over 900 hours of audio and video recordings, and contains 22,000 pages of manuscripts.  The researchers at Colombia hope that the collection of their archive will be used by all types of scholars, not just historians and sociologists.

     You are going to be taking part in your own personal 9/11 Oral History Project in the hope of obtaining a better understanding of the events that happened that day, but also how people respond in times of urgency and crisis.  For me, 9/11 is a day of a million stories, stories of evil, heroism, selflessness,  and generosity.  Every memory of what occurred that day, is part of our nation's history and part of our American story.

Over the years, I have had students send me videos that they have found online about acts of bravery and generosity that took place on September 11th. These stories are very moving and have helped remind me of the goodness that also occurred that day. I am sharing them with you, but you do not have to watch these videos in order to complete the assignment.

The story of Gander Newfoundland's role on September 11th.

A little known story called Boatlift, about the evacuation of lower Manhattan on September 11th.

A former BC lacrosse player choosing putting others before his own well being.


Last February I had the opportunity to visit the 9/11 Memorial in New York City with the Washington D.C. trip.  The Memorial Site is still under construction but it is nearing completion.  Here is a link to their website. 

If you have any questions regarding your homework assignment, please e-mail me before Friday so that I can offer some help.

Thank you,

Mr. M

Welcome to my Class!

Welcome to the new school year and new beginnings. I am very excited to be your 8th grade Social Studies teacher and would like to take some time to introduce myself.

      My name is Mr. Mullady and this is my 5th year teaching 8th grade at Wellesley Middle School. From 2005-2008, I taught 9th and 10th grade Global Studies and 12th grade Sociology and Participation in Government at St. Anthony's High School in South Huntington New York.
    This is my son Jack who was born on September 5th, the second day of school.


I try and update my class website on a regular basis, but there will be times where I will either miss a posting or simply not post, it all depends on the lesson that we have in the classroom.  The site is a resource but not the source for catching up on class activities and homework assignments.

Today in class we worked on organizing our notebooks and filled out table of content sheets for the Notes and Toolbox sections.  There was a review of the 1790 Map Activity that was assigned last week.

Tonight for H.W. You are too read the 9/11 Oral History handout that was given in class.  Come to class tomorrow prepared to discuss the article, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of oral histories.  I also want you to think about why having primary sources are important for historians.

Thank you,

Mr. Mullady.