Santa Anna's Deal

      From his exile in Havana Cuba, former Mexican President General Santa Anna had been communicating with the United States about the Mexican-American War.  The General insisted that the Mexican government would only cooperate with the U.S. if the U.S. was aggressive during the conflict.   President Polk had sent an envoy to Cuba to negotiate a top secret deal with the Mexican General.

     If the United States guaranteed Santa Anna safe passage back into Mexico, he assured President Polk that he would be able to negotiate a peace with the United States and put and end to the conflict.  Santa Anna also agreed to let the United States obtain the territory of Alto California in exchange for a financial settlement.  Once the two parties had reached an agreement Santa Anna boarded a ship bound for Mexico that could get through the U.S. blockade without being harassed.

    Polk desperately wanted a quick end to the fighting and went as far as to negotiate a deal and his controversial bargain with Santa Anna shows how badly he wanted California.  Polk's desperation would prove to be a bad decision when General Santa Anna goes back on his promise and once he is back in control of Mexico he aggressively continues the fighting against the U.S.

    During the war Santa Anna would view some of his military commanders as potential rivals for power.  During the defense of Mexico City, General Santa Anna refused to assist General Vallencia's forces.  Vallencia's success would threaten Santa Anna's power so while Vallencia's men faced the brunt of an American attack, Santa Anna watched his rival get beaten by his enemy.

   Here is a link to all of the notes on the Mexican-American War.

Tomorrow, the Reading and the Questions are due.

  Here is the link to the History Channel Mexican-American War documentary we watched in class.

The Mexican-American War

      The Mexican-American War lasted from April 25, 1867 to February 2, 1848.  By the end of the conflict the United States suffered 13,283 casualties while Mexico losses are estimated at 25,000.  Mexico would also lose 55% of its territory, roughly 525,000 miles and the United States was now a nation that extended from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean.  Since the war, the United States and Mexico have been on two very distinct paths of fortune, paths that have their roots in the Mexican-American War.

   After your quiz you had the option of choosing between two readings on the Mexican-American War.  By Tuesday your readings should be marked up and the question sheets are to be answered.


Questions for Chapter 8 Reading

Questions for "We Take Nothing by Conquest.." Reading

Pop Quiz Tomorrow

  Tomorrow's quiz is 28 questions long and there are 2 omits.  All of the questions come from your notes and handouts in class and I believe that you will all do fine if you take your time and use the resources that you have.

   There are three main topics on the quiz: Manifest Destiny, Texan Revolution/Texas Annexation, and the Missouri Compromise.   If you want to do some last minute organization, I am going to recommend the following.


1. Make a Three Column Chart on Annexation


  Reasons For                                     Reasons Against                                          People For


1.






2.





This will be a quick visual for you to use on the quiz, and would be a good way to practice studying.




2. Streamline Your Notes Section.

 By putting aside your notes on the Mexican-American War and anything else that you do not need you will making your life much easier. The less pages you have to flip through to find an answer will lower your stress level and save you time.



3. Work on some practice questions

   1. Who made the Missouri Compromise?  Why did the U.S. need to find a solution on letting Missouri into the Union?


2.  Henry Clay flip flopped on the issue of Texas?  How did that cost him the election?


3. What were two economic benefits of the U.S. expanding West?


4. Why did Texas rebel against Mexico?


4. Bring in a Snack for the Quiz.



Good luck, and I will see you tomorrow.

Polk's Plan

      Congressman John Slidell's mission to Mexico was very complicated and surrounded in mystery.  President Polk had sent Slidell to Mexico to negotiate two different plans.  The American and Mexican public were told that Slidell was to have Mexico agree on the Rio Grande as the border between Mexico and Texas.  Polk also ordered Slidell to offer Mexico $30 million for Alto California and Nuevo Mexico, roughly 50% of Mexico's territory.

     When Slidell and his staff arrived in Mexico City they found themselves in political limbo.  The President of Mexico Jose de Herrera was struggling to remain in power.  Herrera had negotiated peacefully with the United States in the past and because of this many Mexican officials were plotting overthrow him. If Herrera understood that if he  agreed to meet with Slidell it would jeopardize his power.  When word reached Mexico City that General Zachary Taylor had arrived in Texas with 3,550 soldiers, Herrera struggled to hold on to his office.

    News of Slidell's $30 million offer came out and caused a public outcry in Mexico.  Manu Mexicans saw the American offer as an insult and felt that the the intentions of the U.S. were clear: California was their goal. President Herrera was overthrown by General Mariano Paredes the commander of the Mexican army.   Slidell and his staff returned to the United States, where Slidell advised the President that it would be necessary to use force in order to get Mexico to negotiate peacefully.

    On March 3, 1846, General Zachary Taylor's forces arrived on the northern banks of the Rio Grande overlooking the Mexican town of Matamoros.  Taylor's men began to construct a fort along the river and began to prepare for a long siege.  From the other side of the Rio Grande, the residents of Matamoros observed as the Americans aimed their artillery at their town.  Taylor refused to meet with the commander of the Mexican army at Matamoros and ordered scouting missions along the river bank.

     After the disappearance of two U.S. soldiers, General Taylor increased the number of patrols in the area. On April 25, 1846, 1,600 Mexican calvary division attacked 63 U.S. soldiers on a patrol.  The fighting lasted a few minutes and ended with the deaths of 11 U.S. troops, six wounded,  with the rest taken captive.  When word reached General Taylor of the fight, he sent a message to President Polk that hostilities had occurred and that U.S. soldiers had died on American soil.

     Polk now had the justifiable reason to ask Congress for a declaration of war.

 

James K. Polk and the Election of 1844

        "Who is James K. Polk?", that was the brash slogan of the Whig Party during the election of 1844.  The Whig candidate for President, Henry Clay, was favored to defeat the relatively unknown James K. Polk in the election.

       Henry Clay had an outstanding resume for a Presidential candidate.  Prior to 1844, Clay had held the following positions in government: Congressmen, Senator, Speaker of the House, and Secretary of State.  Clay was famous in the both the North and South for helping to create the Missouri Compromise and had been a Presidential candidate in the past.  1844 seemed like Clay would finally achieve his dream of becoming President until he misspoke about the issue of Texas.

     Clay had originally campaigned that if he was President he would veto any bill that would admit Texas into the Union. This secured his support in many of the Northern states that saw Texas as a means of extending slavery.  Late in the campaign, Clay went back on his word, and said that he would support  the annexation of Texas.  His flip-flopping on Texas alienated many of his supporters and gave Polk the advantage.

    Outside of Tennessee and the House of Representatives few Americans had heard of James K. Polk.  Polk was a hardworking lawyer and a successful politician in his home state.  His father was close friends with Andrew Jackson, and Jackson would serve as Polk's political role model and mentor.  He was elected to be Speaker of the House by his fellow Congressmen in 1835 and served until 1839.  when he was elected  the governor of Tennessee.   Polk arrived at the Democratic Convention hoping to get the nomination for Vice-President but after 8 rounds of  balloting he would become the Presidential nomination.

      James K. Polk aggressively campaigned on a platform that had four main goals: Annex Texas, Acquire California from Mexico, Secure the border between Oregon and Canada, and a Lower Tariff.  Polk combined the issues of Oregon and Texas to avoid further discussion of slavery.  Polk's policies made him appealing to Northerners and Southerners who believed in American expansion.

     The election was very close with Polk doing well in the West and South with Clay winning most of the Northeast.  Polk won  the crucial state of New York by just over 5,000 votes to secure him the victory, had Clay won New York he would have won the election.


 



Due Wednesday: Manifest Destiny Study Guide. 

Annexation of Texas

         In 1836, the Republic of Texas sent officials to Washington D.C. with a request.  They wanted the United States to annex Texas and have it become part of the U.S.  Although Andrew Jackson sympathized with the people of Texas, he refused to admit Texas into the Union out of fear that it would start a war with Mexico.  Many Texans were upset that the U.S. refused their request and hoped that they would one day become part of the Union.

        In 1837, the people of Texas elected Mirabeau Lamar to be the new President of Texas.  Lamar believed that Texas should remain an independent nation on not depend on the United States to come to  its rescue.  He sent officials to Great Britain, France, and Belgium and got those nations to fully recognize the independence of Texas.  Lamar withdrew Texas's request for statehood and focused on improving the Texan economy.  Despite Lamar's position on annexation, many in Texas believed that becoming part of the U.S. was key to Texas's future.

       In 1843, U.S. President John Tyler was faced with the political fight of his life.  Members of his own party were openly discussing nominating another person to run for President in 1844.  Tyler needed to do something to boost up his popularity and he saw Texas as an answer.  Tyler sent Andrew Jackson Donelson (President Jackson's nephew) to go to Texas to work on an annexation deal that would bring Texas into the Union.  Donelson reported back to the President that annexation would be supported by the people of Texas but there was a concern as to how Mexico would respond to the annexation.

      In the spring of 1844, Secretary of State John C. Calhoun wrote a letter to the British Ambassador to the United States asking for British support regarding Texas.  In the letter Calhoun explained that the annexation of Texas was key to ensuring the survival of slavery in the United States. When Calhoun's letter was leaked to the press it created an uproar in the North.

    Some Northern groups claimed that if Texas became a state then the balance of power in Congress would now belong to slave states and would further spread slavery across the country.  Many Northerners saw the annexation of Texas as illegal and unconstitutional.  Some critics of annexation claimed that Texas was too big to become a state, and by admitting Texas into the Union it would weaken the federal government.  Others felt that if the U.S. granted Texas statehood that it would lead to a war with Mexico.
   

The Texan Revolution

   In 1821, the people of Mexico won their independence from Spain after almost 300 years of colonial rule.  The Mexico controlled a vast portion of North America, and the new government struggled with finding a successful way to manage it. 

        The Mexican government was particularly concerned with the territory of Texas.  Rich in natural resources and over 500 miles from the Mexican capital, Texas seemed like the ideal target for another nation.  Due to the fear of the Comanche, Texas was a sparsely populated part of Mexico that had potential to help bring the new nation out of debt.  Mexico began to offer incentives for Mexican citizens to relocate to Texas hoping to make it more populated and harder to take over but many Mexican citizens chose not to relocate to Texas.

    An American named Moses Austin traveled to Texas in 1821 to negotiate a settlement that would allow him to establish an American community in Texas. Austin died before he could lead his expedition, but his son Stephen Austin took over the planning.

      The Mexican government agreed to allow American settlers move to Texas if they obeyed the following rules:

           1. Settlers were to become Mexican citizens and obey all Mexican laws.

            2. Texan settlers were to convert to Catholicism and expected to assimilate to Mexican culture.

            3. Settlers were to pay taxes to the Mexican government.

Austin was assured by  Mexican officials that the American settlers would be able to live tax free and maintain their slaves for one year.  In 1825, Austin led 300 families into Texas to establish a new settlement near the Bravos River.

      Gradually more and more settlers from the United States moved to Texas, many of them living outside of Austin's settlement.  As the American population of Texas began to grow an increase in tensions between the Texan settlers and Mexican government began to grow.  Mexican officials complained that the Texans were not obeying Mexican law and refusing to assimilate to the Mexican culture.  The growing slave population of Texas was a clear indication that the Texans were not honoring their contract with Mexico.  When the  Mexican President passed a law that made it illegal for any more Americans to move into Texas, fighting and protests broke out across Texas.

    Many Texan settlers felt that the government of Mexico was taking away their basic rights and freedom.  Some Texans compared themselves to the American colonists who were protesting the taxes and policies of Great Britain before the American Revolution.  While Stephen Austin worked to resolve the growing crisis, some Texans began to call for Texas to break away from Mexico.

     In October of 1835, the people of Gonzales fought the first battle of the Texan Revolution.  That November, Texas declared itself independent from Mexico and began to seek assistance in order to win  its freedom.


Texan Revolution Notes

Tonight's H.W. is to Read and Markup the Tyler and Texas Reading and to answer the 3 questions on the first. page.
   

The Missouri Compromise

  "...Step with great care and great tact. And remember that life's a Great Balancing Act"

                                 ~ Dr. Seuss

      In 1819, there were 11 slave states and 11 free states in the Union. Politically, Northern states with their larger population controlled the House of Representatives while the Senate remained evenly split. There was a sort of equilibrium in the government regarding slavery, as long as the Senate remained evenly split with free and slave states, slavery would be left alone.

    That balance was threatened when the Missouri Territory became eligible for statehood. Slavery was legal in Missouri, and by admitting a slave state into the Union the South would control the majority of the Senate.  This upset many Northern leaders who had become concerned over the spread of slavery.

  When the Bill to admit Missouri into the Union came to the House of Representatives, New York Congressman James Tallmadge submitted an Amendment to the Bill.  Tallmadge's changes stated that Missouri would be a slave state but:

     1. All slave children would become free when they turned 25.

     2. No future slaves would be allowed to be brought into Missouri.

Tallmadge hoped that his Amendment would eventually lead to Missouri becoming a free state over time.  His Amendment passed in the House but was defeated in the Senate.

  Congressman Henry Clay then developed a series of resolutions to compromise between Northern and Southern Congressional leaders.  Clay was one of the most influential members of the House and was respected by Northerners and Southerners alike.  Clay's plan called for the following:

                 1. Missouri to become a slave state.

                 2. Admitting Maine as a free state.

                  3. Slavery would be banned in land of the  Louisiana Purchase north 36, 30 line.


Many people saw the Missouri Compromise as a clear sign that Congress was taking a stand against the spread of slavery.  In South Carolina, Denmark Vessey addressed his congregation on the Missouri Compromise before he planned his uprising.
             
    Here is a copy of today's notes.

Enjoy your day.

 

Manifest Destiny

             Prior to the American Revolution, American settlers had already begun to move West. The West in 1775 meant moving to parts of North Carolina, Virginia, Kentucky and Tennessee. The British government tried to halt these advancements, fearing that Native American tribes would become hostile towards the settlers.

        Expansion to the West continued during the Presidencies of Washington, Adams, and Jefferson. During their terms, farmers began to move into Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio. The Federal government established guidelines to govern the territories and encouraged citizens to move into these areas. As the
populations of territories grew they would become eligible for statehood.

            Thomas Jefferson did more to encourage westward expansion than almost any other presidents. Under the Jefferson Administration, The Louisiana Purchase doubled the size of the nation. Jefferson hoped to provide the country with a Pacific shoreline. He felt that it would take 1,000 years for the U.S. to fully populate the territory. He was off by 900 years.

        Historians have called the decades following the War of 1812, "The Era of Good Feelings". There was widespread nationalism and patriotic pride across the country. For the second time in the young country's short history, they were able to defeat the powerful army of Great Britain. For many in the United States, this was a sign that God had blessed the country, and the U.S. was destined for greatness. The Founding Fathers achieved an almost God-like statuses and Washington's birthday was celebrated as a national holiday.   The Constitution and the Declaration of Independence were revered. Parties and banquets were held in celebration of the anniversary of the Battle of New Orleans.

        During the mid 1800s, many Americans felt that their country had a Manifest Destiny, or a destiny from God. They felt that it would be their destiny to populate the American continent. Americans were obligated to spread the beliefs of Democracy and Christianity to the Pacific.

The American West held the hope for promise of a new and better life for many people. In 1837, the United States suffered a financial panic that led to many Americans losing their jobs and their farms. The value and price of land in the East had become very expensive, and the land out West was cheaper and offered a brand new start.

       Destiny often gets credits for good things that happen, but never gets any blame.  People will often credit destiny when something wonderful takes place. Couples might credit destiny for bringing them together.  You could even make the case that it was your destiny to be born.  If your parents met in college, you would not be here right now if your mom decided to attend a different school. Scientifically speaking you are unique, one of a kind. There will be nobody else like you ever again, and there was nobody else like you before. You are a one time deal. The fact that you are here is pretty amazing. Think about it, it means that for the past 3.8 billion years all of your direct ancestors were not eaten, drowned, squished, squashed, killed, stabbed, struck by lightening, or eaten by a shark before they were able to pass along their DNA.

    However, when things go bad or tragic, destiny does not get the credit or the blame. When a car accident occurs, I do not think that the doctors will the victims family that it was their destiny to die that day. Destiny will get credit for giving a person their dream job but not giving them a pink slip.

    Our Manifest Destiny is a high point in American History, but it is a dark period in Mexican history. Mexico once controlled Texas, California, Utah, Nevada, Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona, states that are blessed with a variety of natural resources. Imagine how much different American history would be if we did not have access to the gold and oil found in California.

For H.W.

After reading and marking up the John O'Sullivan Reading, please answer the following questions.

1. Give one political an American would have to support expanding to the West.

2. Give two economic reasons why the U.S. government would have supported Western expansion.

3. Define Nationalism:

4. How did Nationalism help fuel Western expansion?

We Shall Remain Questions

  I do want to apologize that these questions are not all in order.


1. Why did Samuel Worcester get arrested?

2. What was Chief John Marshall's ruling?

3. How did Georgia respond to the Supreme Court ruling?

4. How much money did the United States promise to give the Cherokee for their land?

5.  What were two problems that the Cherokee encountered on their journey West?

6. Who were members of the "Treaty Party"?

7. What happened to them?

8. Why did John Ross cancel the Cherokee elections?

"We Shall Remain"

       
     In April of 2009, PBS aired the Documentary "We Shall Remain" about the history of Native Americans.  While Ms. Fusaro was here, you watched some of the documentary leading up to the Indian Removal Act.  To help you gain a deeper understanding of the Indian Removal Act and the Trail of Tears I am posting a link to the documentary.  You do not have to watch the entire segment, but the more you watch the more it will help you for Monday's Assessment.

    On Monday, we will finish the Indian Removal Act Debate and hear our final closing arguments.  When the Debate is finished, you will be given a series of questions on the Indian Removal Act as well as the arguments that each of the groups used.  In addition, I am going to be asking you to identify some of the key historical figures from the Jackson Era.

    You can use your notes and class handouts, if you do not finish in class you are able to finish this at home.


Here are some practice questions:



1. What was discovered on Cherokee land in Georgia?


2. Who were the 5 Civilized Tribes?


3. What was the Treaty of New Echota?


4. Which of the following U.S. leaders was against Indian Removal?

     A. John Quincy Adams                                               B. Andrew Jackson

      C. Lewis Cass                                                             D. Daniel Webster

Checklist for the Debate

     Welcome Back and a Happy New Year!  I hope you all enjoyed the School Vacation and got an opportunity to rest, relax, and spend some time with your families and friends.

     Tomorrow starts the first day of our Indian Removal Act Hearing which we will wrap up on Monday.  Tomorrow, is an opportunity for you to share what you have learned about this case with the class, and show your skills as a debater.  I am treating this debate like an airplane flight, it is going to start whether or not you are present for it.

  Be sure to come in proper dress code for the debate.


Openers:  You are all going tomorrow.  Make sure you have e-mailed a copy of your opening statements to your partners.

Questioners: Come to class tomorrow ready to perform. What has worked well in the past is when the questions for each group are placed on a separate piece of paper or on index cards.


Closers:  You should be taking notes during the debate to look for some facts to include in your closing arguments.


Best of Luck


Mr. M.